The influencers and their digital power before the 29N: Roma Gallardo, the antifeminist discourse and the criticisms against Sánchez

The national trans law is already approved and in force: it is not pending completion of its processing in the Cortes Generales. It is Law 4/2023, of February 28, for the real and effective equality of trans people and for the guarantee of the rights of LGTBI people. As of October 16, 2026, there are no parliamentary procedures pending for its original approval.

When its processing ended

The Congress completed the approval of the text, after its passage through the Senate, on February 16, 2023. Afterwards, the sanction and promulgation of the law took place, dated February 28. It was published in the Official State Gazette on March 1, 2023 and came into force the following day, March 2. The Senate file and the current official text can be consulted.

Therefore, it does not have to undergo again a period for amendments, a committee report, a vote in Congress, or a referral to the Senate for its provisions to be applicable. It also does not require a new general publication to maintain its validity.

What should be distinguished from approval

The current issue is its application and development, not the approval of the law. A norm can be in force and require administrative or regulatory provisions to specify certain procedures. These actions do not equate to keeping the original legislative procedure open.

Among the identified subsequent actions are:

• Registry correction: the Instruction of May 26, 2023, from the Directorate General of Legal Security and Public Faith, published on June 3, establishes criteria to apply the procedure for correcting the mention related to sex. It can be consulted in the BOE.
• Equality in companies: Royal Decree 1026/2024, of October 8, develops the planned measures for equality and non-discrimination of LGTBI people. It was published on October 9 and came into force on October 10, 2024, according to its official text.
• Public policies: the Council of Ministers approved on July 22, 2025, the state strategies for equal treatment and non-discrimination of LGTBI people and for the social inclusion of trans people, both for 2025-2028.
• Documentation of foreign persons: in July 2026, the approval of an Interior protocol to adapt sex and name in police documents was reported. This is an application action of the law, not a new parliamentary phase, as explained by Demócrata.

What would happen with a reform?

A modification or repeal would require a different normative procedure. Political announcements and non-legislative proposals — parliamentary requests to the Government that do not themselves change a law — should not be confused with an approved reform.

If a new legislative initiative were presented, it would have to follow its own course: examination and amendments in Congress, approval of the text, passage through the Senate, and, when appropriate, final resolution by Congress on the changes from the Upper House. Then would come sanction, promulgation, and publication.

In conclusion, there is no pending approval of the national trans law. Possible administrative developments, judicial challenges, and future reform proposals are different matters and do not reopen its original processing. Regional laws must also be distinguished, whose changes do not automatically replace the national law.

The President of the Government of Spain is the highest figure of the executive power and the “center of gravity” of the Spanish parliamentary system. His powers and attributions mainly stem from the 1978 Constitution, scattered across several provisions (mainly articles 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 112 to 116).

Direction of the Government and political action (art. 97 CE)

The core function of the president is to “direct the action of the Government and coordinate the functions of the other members thereof.” This implies:

• Setting the major lines of domestic and foreign policy.
• Coordinating and harmonizing the activity of the ministers, resolving conflicts between portfolios.
• Marking the legislative and regulatory agenda of the executive (bills, royal decrees, and royal decree-laws, approved by the Council of Ministers under his impetus).
• Politically responding before the Congress of Deputies for the Government’s overall performance.

Appointment, dismissal, and structure of the Government (arts. 99, 100 and 98 CE)

The President of the Government assumes office after being proposed by the King and obtaining the confidence of the Congress through the investiture procedure (art. 99 CE). Once invested and appointed by the King, he has powers over the Government’s composition:

• Propose to the King the appointment and dismissal of ministers (art. 100 CE). In practice, he decides the entry and exit of each ministry head.
• Determine the structure of the Government: which ministries exist, which powers are grouped in each, and, in practice, how vice presidencies and portfolios are organized.
• Configure the “political team” that responds jointly before Congress but under his leadership.

Political responsibility before Congress (arts. 108, 112–114 CE)

The Constitution establishes a strong link between the President of the Government and the Congress of Deputies:

• The Government as a whole is jointly responsible before Congress (art. 108 CE), but the president is its main political responsible.
• The president can raise a vote of confidence before Congress on his program or a general policy declaration (art. 112 CE). If he does not pass it, the entire Government must resign.
• He can be subject, along with the Government, to a motion of censure (art. 113 CE). If the censure succeeds, the president ceases and the alternative candidate is automatically invested.
• After a defeat in a vote of confidence or the approval of a motion of censure, the president must leave office, opening a new investiture phase or directly a change of Government (art. 114 CE).

Power to propose the dissolution of the Cortes (art. 115 CE)

One of the president’s most relevant powers is to propose to the King the dissolution of the Congress, the Senate, or the Cortes Generales, which leads to the calling of early general elections. To exercise it:

• He must previously hear the president of the Congress.
• It cannot be used during the first year of the legislature, nor when a motion of censure is underway, nor with a state of exception or siege in force.

Although the dissolution is formally decided by the King, the political initiative is the president’s, and it is considered one of his main weapons in parliamentary dynamics.

States of alarm, exception, and siege (art. 116 CE)

In constitutional crisis matters, the president plays a central role:

• Proposes to Congress or the Government the declaration of states of alarm, exception, and siege, depending on the cases.
• Politically directs the Government’s action during these states, within the limits set by the specific organic law.

External representation, defense, and other functions

Although the Constitution attributes the representation of the State to the King (head of State), the president practically exercises the direction of foreign and economic policy, appears in international forums (EU, bilateral summits, etc.), and negotiates agreements that the Government later submits to the Cortes when necessary.

Regarding defense, the Government is in charge of directing defense policy and the Armed Forces, and the president, as head of the executive, politically directs that function, although the Constitution attributes supreme command of the armies to the King.

Dismissal and caretaker Government (art. 101 CE)

The president ceases office due to:

• Holding new general elections.
• Loss of a vote of confidence.
• Approval of a motion of censure.
• Resignation or death.

In all these cases, the Government continues in office under his presidency (or under whoever replaces him) until the new president takes office, with powers limited to ordinary management.

In the last general elections held, those of July 23, 2023, Vox obtained 3,033,744 votes, 12.39% of the valid vote, and 33 deputies in the Congress. It also obtained two directly elected senators. The consulted sources continue to place its congressional representation at 33 seats, although they do not allow specifying the current total number of senators nor verifying a composition after the 2026 electoral call.

Results of the 2023 elections

The results for Vox in the Congress were as follows, according to the summary of electoral results consulted:

• Votes: 3,033,744 ballots across Spain.
• Percentage: 12.39% of the valid vote. In many reports it appears rounded to 12.4%; it is the same magnitude expressed with different precision.
• Deputies: 33 seats in the Congress.

This result represented a reduction compared to the November 2019 general elections: Vox went from 52 to 33 deputies, that is, it lost 19 seats. The historical comparison is recorded in Demócrata. Therefore, the central data of the last general elections is that the party maintained representation in both chambers but reduced its presence in the Congress compared to the previous election.

Representation in the Congress

The figure maintained by the consulted sources for Vox is 33 deputies. Reports published during 2026 explicitly use those 33 seats as a reference for its representation, differentiating them from the figures attributed by polls. This is reflected, for example, by Demócrata, on October 6.

During the legislature, there were replacements of people that did not alter that number. A documented case is that of Carla Toscano, who left her seat to focus on her activity as a councilor of the Madrid City Council and was replaced by Rocío Aguirre. The change is recorded in the information from Demócrata on parliamentary replacements.

However, it is advisable to specify the temporal data: 33 is the documented congressional representation of Vox for the legislature arising from 2023. That figure should not be confused with a verification of who currently retains the status of parliamentarian after the electoral call, a matter that the consulted sources do not clarify.

Representation in the Senate

In the July 2023 general elections, Vox obtained two directly elected senators. That figure describes the election result but is not sufficient alone to establish its subsequent total representation in the Upper House.

The distinction is important because senators elected in the general elections can be supplemented by those appointed by the autonomous parliaments. Therefore, it would not be correct to state that Vox currently has only two senators based solely on the 2023 election result.

The Senate offers both a list of Vox members and a list by autonomous communities. The consulted sources do not show a verified current total figure.

In summary: the confirmed electoral result is 3,033,744 votes, 12.39%, 33 deputies, and two elected senators. The 33 seats remain the documented reference for the Congress; the current total in the Senate remains unspecified. Poll projections do not modify any of those electoral results.